From 3D to 4D BIM: A Framework for Automating Construction Planning and Resource Optimization

Abstract

Cost overruns and schedule delays are persistent challenges in the construction phase. Developing a feasible and optimized construction plan is essential for efficient resource allocation and reliable cost estimation. Despite technological advances, many planning, inspection, and progress control processes remain manual and time-consuming. Although scheduling tools like the Critical Path Method (CPM) are common, key inputs such as task durations, sequences, and resource needs are still manually determined, with limited integration into 3D models and minimal automation. Although 4D Building Information Modeling (BIM) offers significant potential, its adoption remains limited, particularly in some developing countries, due to high initial costs and implementation challenges. This paper proposes a framework that automates the development of optimized construction methods for reinforced concrete buildings. Using 3D BIM data, the framework generates a Work Breakdown Structure (WBS), produces detailed schedules, and links them with the BIM model to simulate progress, plan daily resource use, and minimize consumption. By integrating 4D BIM, the system enables the visualization of construction sequences, the evaluation of alternative methods, and the comparison of multiple execution scenarios based on time and resource constraints. The framework supports early decision-making, reduces planning time, and improves project delivery outcomes.