Towards Safer and More Efficient Logistics: Rack Specifications for Prefabricated Façade Panels

Abstract

The increased use of modular construction focuses on streamlined rack systems, but the existing ad-hoc-based plans for stacking logistics require a methodical approach. This paper provides a comprehensive guideline on rack specification to support safe, efficient and cost-effective transportation of prefabricated façade panels during modular integrated construction (MiC) to address issues such as instability and damage in transit. A mixed methods design combines a five-step process, which involves literature review and existing standards (e.g. EN 12195; ISO 1496-1), 2-round Delphi questionnaire, 13 specialists, statistical analysis, and a validation rack design of industrial supplier against the developed specifications. The most significant results include seven drivers, such as Panel Characteristics, Handling/Loading-Unloading, Transportation Conditions, Cost and Budget, Safety and Stability, Modularity and Adaptability, and Space Efficiency, each with 25 factors, and safety and stability (e.g., vibration resistance, mean 4.538, SD 0.877) are the top drivers. The novel specification guide fills industrial design gaps, such as poor fastening mechanisms.  These are small sample sizes and untested second-round data, implying that further validation should be done. In practice, the guide aids the architecture and construction logistics through the delivery of panels free of damage, and the partner's design demonstrates compliance regarding trailer compatibility. However, fasteners need to be improved to guarantee a higher level of safety. It also fosters sustainable urban development because of the reduction of costs and delays and the possible benefits to society, such as better living conditions due to efficient renovations.